The feelings associated with a negative attitude toward an entire group are known as prejudice, which would certainly not play a motivational role for the older person to transmit knowledge (choice C is wrong). Consequently, it would not serve as a direct motivator for an older person to transmit knowledge (choice B is wrong). Identity is one's sense of self and values, and Erikson considered the formation of identity to be a psychosocial crisis of the adolescent. The transmission of knowledge or wisdom to the younger generation is one illustration of this kind of generativity, and it underlies the researcher's hypothesis (choice A is correct). Generativity is characterized by activities that are productive or that transcend one's own mortality. Erikson's model of psychosocial crises maintains that middle to older age adults must resolve the crisis of stagnation versus generativity. Conservation is the understanding that a quantity of something like water will remain the same volume no matter what shape it is in conservation does not develop until the concrete operational stage (choice D is wrong).Ī. This does not most appropriately explain the scenario described in the question stem (choice A is wrong).
The ego is the reality principle, which attempts to mediate the id's impulses according to Freud, a child would express all of his or her unrestrained impulses and desires without the ego. Thus, they lack theory of mind and display egocentrism (choice B is correct). Egocentrism is the opposite young children focus only on their own perspectives. This understanding is known as theory of mind and is generally said to develop by age six or seven (choice C is wrong). Children in the preoperational stage cannot take the perspectives of others because they do not comprehend that others have separate thought processes from their own and cannot see everything in the world that they do. They lack theory of mind but demonstrate egocentrism.ī. Item III is false: national childhood obesity rates and Mississippi state childhood obesity rates do not begin to diverge in 2005, rather, they begin to converge (become more similar), as the rate of childhood obesity in Mississippi begins to increase less dramatically (slope becomes more shallow), while the national rate of childhood obesity begins to increase more dramatically (slope becomes steeper choice D can be eliminated, choice A is correct). Therefore, if there is a 5% increase over ten years, and then another 5% increase over five years, the rate of increase in the national adult obesity percentage has roughly doubled (the slope for 1990-1995 is about twice a steep as the slope for 1980-1990). Item II is true: from 1990 to 1995, the rate of increase in the national adult obesity percentage is roughly 5% (from about 15% in 1990 to about 20% in 1995) the ten years prior to this also demonstrated a roughly 5% increase in the national adult obesity percentage (from about 10% in 1980 to about 15% in 1990). It is possible that one or more of the other states-except Mississippi, which we know from the figure has increasing rates during that timeframe-also have declining childhood obesity rates, but do not have their data presented in Figure 2 (choices B and C can be eliminated). Item I is false: according to Figure 2, childhood obesity rates declined from 2005 to 2010 (the slope becomes negative) however, even though national childhood obesity rates are still increasing (positive slope) from 2005 to 2010, it is not possible to conclude that Colorado is the only state with declining childhood obesity rates.
The implementation of a punishment (exercises getting harder) in response to a desired behavior (exercise) does not fit within neobehaviorist principles (choice D is wrong).Ī. While choice B describes positive reinforcement, and choice C describes positive punishment, neobehaviorists believe that the most effective way to modify behavior is with positive reinforcement (choice B is correct, choice C is wrong). When a person exhibits an undesirable behavior, the application of a punishment will discourage that behavior from happening again (positive punishment). Therefore, if someone exhibits a desired behavior, providing a reward after that behavior will encourage the behavior to happen again (positive reinforcement).
Neobehaviorists believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments (choice A is wrong because it does not describe any type of reward or punishment). For every five pounds a person loses, she is given a non-food reward such as money or praise/attention from others.
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